Mild: Conjunctival pallor and/or of tongue
Moderate: Conjunctival pallor and/or of tongue + palmer pallor
Severe: Conjunctival pallor and/or of tongue + palmer pallor + pallor of palmar creases.
Reference:
Regina D et al. Correlation of pallor with hemoglobin levels and clinical profile of anemia in primary and middle school children of rural Telangana. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2016 Aug;3(3):872-877
Sites to look for pallor: those surfaces of the body which have large number of superficial blood vessels with only slight natural pigments i.e.:
1. Lower palpebral conjunctiva
2. Tongue and oral mucosa
3. Nail beds
4. Palm of the hand
The “Food Pyramid” or “Food Guide Pyramid” was introduced by the USDA (US Department of Agriculture) in 1992.
It is meant as a reference for planning a balanced diet everyday.
It defines five groups of foods:
1. breads, cereals, pasta and rice;
2. fruits and vegetables;
3. dairy products; eggs, fish, legumes,
4. meat and poultry;
5. alcohol, fats and sugars –
• Sugars mean ADDED sugar.
• Fat and sugars come mostly from the fats, oils and sweets.
• Sources of Radiation
1. Natural
2. Man made
• NOISE- Unwanted sound
• Come to be a major “stress factor” in today’s life
– Noise Pollution = unwanted or excessive sound that can have damaging effects on human health,
• Sources of noise are varied:
– Automobiles
– Factories
– Air crafts etc.
• Levels particularly high around:
– Railway junctions,
– Bus depots
– Airports
– High Traffic areas etc.
• Noise has 2 characteristics:
1. Intensity or loudness
2. Frequency
Studying the world population since 1650 suggests that demographic transition of a nation involves of 5 stages.
These stages constitute the “demographic cycle”.
(1) FIRST STAGE (High stationary)
It is characterized by both
*A high birth rate and
*A high death rate
Therefore the population remains stationary
It is seen when the country is economically most weak
India was in this stage till 1920
(2) SECOND STAGE (Early expanding)
It begins with the
*Declining of death rate while
Under construction!
Under construction!
Under construction!
Decades after the development of vaccines and antibiotics, infectious diseases have not disappeared as was predicted.
For the prevention and control of Infections, knowledge of its epidemiology is needed.
Definitions are critical for any type of epidemiological action e.g.
*Disease reporting,
*Measurement of mortality and morbidity
