Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, each marked by distinct phase of fetal development and maternal adaptation and physiological changes in the mother
Gestational Age Categories: Definitions and Clinical Significance
Pregnancy is often described based on the number of completed weeks of gestation.
Primigravida
A primigravida is a woman who is pregnant for the very first time.
• Think of “primi-” as ‘first’ — this term highlights her first experience of carrying a pregnancy, regardless of the outcome.
Multigravida
A multigravida refers to a woman who has been pregnant two or more times.
• The term “multi-” stands for ‘many’, indicating that she has conceived before, whether or not those pregnancies reached viability.
The obstetric index, commonly expressed as GPAL, is a standardized system used to summarize a woman’s obstetric history: Gravida (G), Para (P), Live (L) and Abortion (L)
Gravida
The total number of pregnancies a woman has experienced, including the current pregnancy, regardless of the gestational age attained or the outcome of the pregnancy (live birth, stillbirth, miscarriage, or termination).
• The total no. of times the woman has conceived
An aqua privy is not much different from a septic tank. The difference is that the latrine/s is located directly over the tank.
• The excreta enter it directly from the latrine through a drop pipe.
• This pipe is submerged under water inside the privy.
• This water directly acts as the water seal for one or more latrines opening into it.
A septic tank can treat wastewater from both the kitchen and the toilet, while an aqua privy is designed to handle only toilet waste.
Basic Design
A septic tank is an underground excreta (sewage) treatment system used in rural or suburban areas where there is no access to a centralized sewer system.
It’s a self-contained tank that collects and treats the human waste from one or more homes.
It is buried in the ground near the home/s. Think of it as the "middleman" between the excreta and the environment, filtering out harmful substances before the treated water is released back into the soil.
The tank is usually made of concrete, though fiberglass or plastic tanks are now available.
What Makes Up an RCA Latrine?
Whether it's the PRAI or RCA type, both have the same essential parts — only the technical details differ slightly. You’ll typically see:
1. A squatting plate
2. A pan for excreta reception
3. A trap for maintaining water-seal
4. A system positioned after the water seal, for safe and hygienic excreta disposal
Connecting pipe
The Pit (Dug-well)
5. A super-structure
What is a Water Seal?
• A ‘water seal’ is a simple but smart mechanism built into toilets and latrines.
• It’s usually a curved pipe, called a ‘trap’ - located just below the squatting plate or toilet bowl.
• This trap always holds a small amount of water due to its design.
If you've ever used a toilet, even in a rural area and noticed that it doesn't smell: you’ve one clever little feature to thank: i.e. the “water seal”.
How do Diseases Spread from Human Excreta?
Diseases can spread from human waste if not properly managed. When a sick person or a disease carrier passes excreta, it contains germs that can travel in different ways, including:
1. Water – Contaminated drinking water can spread diseases like cholera and typhoid.
2. Fingers – Poor hand hygiene can transfer germs to food and surfaces.
3. Flies – Flies pick up germs from waste and land on food.
4. Soil – Open defecation can pollute the ground, leading to infections.
Borehole Latrine: A borehole latrine is a deep, narrow pit drilled into the ground using mechanical or manual boring techniques.
• It may be lined with bamboo matting or earthenware rings to prevent collapse.
Dug-Well Latrine: A dug-well latrine consists of a wider, shallower pit that is manually excavated.
• It needs lining materials like bricks, stones, or concrete rings.
The limitations of a borehole latrine were:
• Limited capacity: The borehole filled up quickly, requiring frequent relocation.
• Specialized equipment: The construction process relied on an auger, which was not always readily available.
