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Rat control measures:
1. Sanitation
2. Trapping: Bait is used. Causes temporary reduction in numbers.
Captured rats must be killed as they become “trap-wise” and avoid traps later

1. Mechanical: infectious agent is mechanically transported through soiling of vector’s feet or proboscis or by passage through its gastrointestinal tract. for example spread of e coli by housefly
2. Biological:
a. Propogative: infectious agent merely multiplies inside the vector e.g. plague in rat flea
b. Cyclo-propogative: agent changes in number and also in form e.g. malaria parasites in mosquito
c. Cyclo-developmental : the disease agent undergoes only development but no multiplication e.g. microfilaria in mosquito

Reference:
K. Park, 2019. Environment and Health, In: Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th ed. Jabalpur, 2019

The important genera of mosquitoes that are of public health importance are Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex.
The stages of a mosquito’s life cycle are as follows:
1. Eggs
2. Larva
3. Pupa
4. Adult mosquito

This format is a general one. Additional information may be required in special cases like obstetric, infants, elderly etc.
It's an effort so that you don't miss out any section of history taking. All the best!

If you would like to have a printed format, please write to us on the 'Contact' tab. We shall promptly send you the pdf by email.

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Single blinding: when the patient does not know if he/she is getting the drug or placebo

Double blinding: where the patient and the dispensing doctor also does not know whether the patient is getting the drug or placebo

1. To study the disease trend since past
2. Community diagnosis
3. Planning and evaluation of health services
4. Evaluation of a new therapy or a new health measure
5. Determining the risk to an individual
6. Identification of syndromes
7. Filling in the gaps in the natural history of the disease
8. Searching for the cause of a disease

1. Proceeds from the outcome to cause
2. Starts with cases of disease
3. Tests if the suspected risk factor occurs more often in the cases than that in the controls
4. Usually the first study for testing a hypothesis
5. Requires fewer number of participants
6. Yields the results relatively earlier
7. Suitable for rare diseases
8. Cannot directly estimate the relative risk hence calculates the ‘Odd’s ratio’ (OR)
9. Only one outcome (disease) can be studied
10. Inexpensive

Definition of ‘Monitoring’:
Monitoring is the performance and analysis of routine measurements aimed at detecting changes in the environment or health status of the population.
Monitoring can be of variety of activities like:
• Health program
• Air quality
• Water quality
• Intrauterine growth
• Nutritional status
• Functioning of a health facility etc.

Definition of ‘Surveillance’: