Here, the group is an aggregation of people in a face – to – face situation
For optimum impact:
• Group size should not be <6 or > 12 including
• One group leader who:
– initiates the subject discussion
– Helps proper progress of the discussion
– Prevents side – conversation
– Everyone to participate
– Sums up the discussion
• One recorder, a person to record whatever is discussed
– The recorder prepares a report on the issues discussed and agreements reached
• Carefully prepared presentation to show how to perform a skill or procedure
• The procedure (e.g. L.P.) is carried out step by step before the audience
• The demonstrator ascertains that the audience understands the steps of performing the procedure
• The audience is involved in the discussion
For lecture to be effective:
• Group size should be <30
• Lecture duration: optimum is 15 – 20 min
• In addition to chalk other audio – visual aids may also be used
– Flipcharts:
– Flannel graph
– Exhibits
– Films and charts
• Advantages:
– Economical than individual approach
– Require lesser resources
• Disadvantages:
– Learning is passive as students are involved to a minimal extent
– Does not stimulate thinking or problem solving capacity
– Comprehension varies among the students
During personal interviews in the consultation room
During home visits by doctor, ANM, ASHA etc.
• The patient listens more readily
• PHN, Health visitors, health inspectors also make home visits and can be used for HE
– First create an atmosphere of friendship
– Allow the individual to talk as much as possible
– Advantages:
• One can discuss, argue and persuade for behavior change
• Provides opportunity to ask questions
– Disadvantage: numbers reached is small
1. Individual approach (individual HE)
– Personal contact (interpersonal)
– Home visits
– Personal letters
2. Group level approach
– Lecture (chalk and talk)
– Demonstration
– Discussion methods
• Group discussion
• Panel discussion
• Symposium
• Workshop
• Conferences
• Seminars
• Role play
• Debate
• Delphi method
One – way communication (Didactic method)
• Flow of communication is ‘one – way’
• Examples: lecture, television, radio
• Drawbacks:
– Knowledge is imposed (passive learning)
– Learning is authoritative
– Little participation of audience
– No feedback
– Does not influence human behavior
1. Physiological:
– Difficulties in hearing, expression
2. Psychological:
– Emotional disturbances, neurosis, level of intelligence, comprehension or language difficulties
3. Environmental:
– Noise, invisibility, congestion
1. Interpersonal communication
– Face –to – face
– Being direct, it is more persuasive and effective than any other form of communication
– Particularly important in influencing the decisions of the undecided
– Superior to mass media for motivational effect
– When the message is relayed via mass media,
• It is picked up by interpersonal networks
• The message is then subject to debate and discussion in these networks and gradually forms opinions and influence decisions
The IHR are legally binding set of regulations adopted by WHO which helps countries to save lives caused by diseases spread internationally and other health risks.
History of the IHR
• The cholera epidemics that overran Europe between 1830 and 1847 were catalysts for intensive multilateral cooperation in public health
• in 1951 WHO Member States
– adopted the ‘International Sanitary Regulations’,
– Which were replaced by and renamed the ‘International Health Regulations’ in 1969.
• Hidden hunger (micronutrient deficiency) is a form of undernutrition where intake and absorption of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals such as zinc, iodine and iron) are too low to sustain good health and development.
• Often, the signs of this form of malnutrition are ‘hidden’, as individuals may ‘look alright’ but suffer extremely negative impacts on health and well‐being.
– Because clinical signs (e.g. night blindness, goiter) appear only when the deficiency has become severe
– The health and development is affected by less obvious ‘invisible’ effects
