• Cause of permanent disability and mortality
• Caused by inhalation of dust containing free silica or silicon dioxide (SiO2)
• First reported in India in 1947 from Kolar Gold Mines (Mysore)
• Silica exposure occurs in industries like:
– Mining of:
• Coal
• Mica
• Gold and Silver
• Lead, Zinc, Manganese etc.
– Pottery and ceramic
– Sand blasting
– Metal grinding
– Building and construction
– Rock mining
– Iron and steel etc.
Definition (ILO):
“Pneumoconiosis is the accumulation of dust in the lungs and the tissue reaction to its presence”
• ‘Pneumoconioses’ is the plural
• Dust within the size range of 0.5 to 3 micron pose maximum risk as these can easily enter the alveoli.
– Particles larger than 3 microns don’t reach the alveoli
– Particles smaller than 0.5 microns are exhaled out
– The dust particles which get deposited in the alveoli, cause inflammation in the lungs that can eventually lead to fibrosis of the lung tissue
• This initiative is to bring together existing programmes for IFA supplementation for:
– pregnant and lactating women and;
– children in the age group of 6–60 months) and
– Introduce new age groups.
• Thus National Iron+ Initiative will reach the following age groups for supplementation or preventive programming:
– Bi-weekly iron supplementation for preschool children 6 months to 5 years
– Weekly supplementation for children from 1st to 5th grade in Govt. & Govt. Aided schools
• The National Prophylaxis Programme against Nutritional Blindness due to vitamin A deficiency (NPPNB due to VAD) was started in 1970
– with the specific aim of preventing nutritional blindness due to keratomalacia
– As an urgent measure to combat the unacceptably high magnitude of xerophthalmic blindness in the country seen in the 1950s and 1960s
• The Programme was started as a 100 per cent centrally sponsored programme
References:
WHO (2005) Manual for participants; Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT)
Facility based IMNCI - Participant Manual. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India, 2009
Reference:
Marcia L. London. Pediatric Assessment. Maternal & Child Nursing Care, Ed 3rd, Prentice Hall, 2010: 961-1022.
Seidel, H.M.Ball, J.W,Dains, J.,& Benedict,G.W.(2003). Mosby’s guide to physical examination (5th ed.).St.Louis,MO: Mosby
References:
Marcia L. London. Pediatric Assessment. Maternal & Child Nursing Care, Ed 3rd, Prentice Hall, 2010: 961-1022.
Byrnes,K. Conducting the paediatric health history: A guide Pediatric Nursing, 1996; 22: 135–137
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index measuring achievement in key dimensions of human development:
1. A long and healthy life,
2. Being knowledgeable and
3. Have a decent standard of living.
A. Consolidates three indicators:
1. Infant mortality rate
2. Literacy rate
3. Life expectancy at one year of age
B. For EACH component, the performance of the country is placed on a scale from 0 to 100
• 0 = ‘worst performance’
• 100 = ‘Best performance’
The average (arithmetic mean) of the three scores is calculated, which is the PQLI for the country
It also obviously ranges from 0 to 100
Hence, an EQUAL weightage is given to each component
E.g. when a health intervention is aimed at preventing or treating a non- fatal disease, the relationship between QUALYs gained and DALYs saved depend on age of onset, duration of disease as well as the quality of life and disability weights
Reference:
Franco Sassi. Calculating QALYs, comparing QALY and DALY calculations, Health Policy Plan (2006) 21 (5): 402-408
