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These newborns would need special care and should be referred to the FRU

Objective
• To assist the newborn in adaptation to the extra-uterine environment
This involves the following:
1. Cardio – respiratory function: Initiation of respiration and oxygenation of blood
2. Body temperature maintenance
3. Feeding establishment
4. Infection prevention
5. Early detection and management of:
• Congenital disorders
• Other disorders
• Infection

Confirmation of Pregnancy:
The simple way to confirm pregnancy in the first trimester is to conduct a urine examination using a pregnancy test kit.
The kit detects pregnancy on the basis of presence of HCG in the urine
The test can be performed soon after a missed period and simple to perform
The pregnancy test should be offered to any women who is in reproductive age group and comes with a history of amenorrhea or symptoms of pregnancy
The kit made available by the GOI is k/a ‘Nischay’

Specific Health Protection during Antenatal Visits
1. Anemia
2. Other nutritional deficiencies
3. Toxemias of pregnancy (TOP)
4. Tetanus
5. Syphilis
6. German measles
7. Rh status
8. HIV infection
9. Hepatitis B infection
10. Prenatal genetic screening

The ANM should calculate the estimated number of pregnancies in one year in her area
She can match the estimated number with the actual number of the registered pregnancies
In any month, the no. of registered AN women should be HALF of the estimated annual number
Calculation of the estimated number of pregnancies in the YEAR:
Obtain information regarding:
The Population size and
The birth rate of the area under her jurisdiction
Calculate the number of live births in her jurisdiction using the following formula:

• The main purpose of the antenatal care is to identifying the ‘high – risk’ cases among a large antenatal population, and at the earliest possible
• These high risk cases can be provided skilled care while the routine appropriate care is provided to all the remaining
• The ‘high – risk’ antenatal women are:
o Elderly primi (primi ≥ 30 yr.)
o Short statured primi (≤ 140 cm)
o Mal-presentations like breech, transverse lie
o Antepartum hemorrhage, threatened abortion
o Pre – eclampsia and eclampsia
o Anemia
o Twins, hydramnios

Interventions and Counselling
• Iron and folic acid supplementation
– One tablet of IFA (100 mg elemental iron and 0.5 mg folic acid) every day for at least 100 days.
– This is the prophylactic dose of IFA.
– If a woman is anemic (Hb <11 g/dl or she has pallor), give her two tablets of IFA per day for three months.
– This means a woman with anemia in pregnancy needs to take at least 200 tablets of IFA.
– This is the therapeutic dose of IFA.

Antenatal care is the systemic supervision of women during pregnancy to monitor the progress of foetal growth and to ascertain the well-being of the mother and the foetus.
A proper antenatal check-up provides necessary care to the mother and helps identify any complications of pregnancy such as anaemia, pre-eclampsia and hypertension etc. in the mother and slow/inadequate growth of the foetus.
Antenatal care allows for the timely management of complications through referral to an appropriate facility for further treatment.

Bio- Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016 – Major Changes
DEFINITION of Bio Medical Waste
• “Bio-medical waste" means any waste, which is generated during the
• diagnosis,
• treatment or
• Immunization of human beings or
• Animals or research activities pertaining thereto or
• In the production or testing of biological or
• In health camps, including the categories mentioned in Schedule I appended to these rules
The New Rules are more comprehensive in nature
It contains important features of BMW (M & H) Rules, 1998

Introduction:
• Three major clinical types
– Anterior nasal
– Faucial and
– Laryngeal
• Rarely, other body parts may be affected
– Skin
– Conjunctiva
– Vulva etc.
• The bacilli multiply locally (mostly this site is the throat) and elaborate a powerful exotoxin which causes the following:
1. Formation of a greyish or yellowish membrane commonly over the
• tonsils,
• pharynx or
• Larynx or
• At the site of implantation
– This is a false membrane with
• Well defined edges and