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Normal Distribution concerns quantitative variable e.g. systolic BP, birth weights, age at menarche etc.
Summary values of quantitative data are:
Mean and Standard deviation (SD),
Mode and
Median
Standard deviation (SD) summarizes the variation of a large sample
Variable is mostly distributed normally if:
The sample is fairly large and
The sample units have been chosen randomly i.e. the sample is a ‘random sample’
Normal Distribution (Gaussian Distribution)

There is practical difficulty in studying all the individuals in the population and it is too time-consuming not cost effective.
Sample results are usually acceptable if the sample is representative of the population to be studied
The main Objectives of Sampling are:
Estimation of population parameters (Mean, proportion etc.) from the sample statistics.
To test the hypothesis about the population from which the sample or samples are drawn,
SAMPLING FRAME: Is a listing of the members of the universe form which the sample is to be drawn

Major health problems affecting mothers and children in India are:
1. Malnutrition
2. Infection
3. Unregulated fertility

Maternity Cycle and Prematurity
Stages in the maternity cycle:
I Fertilization
II Antenatal (or prenatal) period
III Intra-natal period
IV Postnatal period
V Inter-conceptional period
Intra- uterine stages:
a. Ovum – 0 to 14 days
b. Embryo – 14 days to 9 weeks
c. Foetus – 9 weeks to birth
Premature infant – Born between 28 to 37 completed weeks of gestation
1. Extremely preterm – <28 weeks
2. Very preterm 28 – 32 weeks
3. Moderate to late preterm – between 32 to 37 weeks

The following considerations have led to the formulation of special health services for mothers and children:
1. Considering utter numbers, mother and children comprise a major portion of the population
• In India,
o Women of child bearing age (15 – 45 yrs.) constitute 22.2%
o Children under 15 yr. of age, comprise about 35.3% of the total population
o Together they constitute, nearly 57.7% of the total population (71.14% of the population of developing countries)

School Health Program

ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of Delhi ---> Department of Health &Family Welfare, Delhi Secretariat I.P.Estate, New Delhi ------> Directorate of Health Services, F-17 Karkardooma, Delhi --------> Additional Director, School Health Scheme Delhi Govt. Dispensary Building Complex, Karkardooma, Delhi-92

CHACHA NEHRU SEHAT YOJNA (CNSY)

This skin pinch tests is an important tool for testing dehydration.
When a child is dehydrated, the skin loses elasticity.
To assess dehydration using the skin pinch:
1. ASK the mother to place the child on the examining table so that the child is flat on his back with his arms at his sides (not over his head) and his legs straight. Or, ask the mother to hold the child so he is lying flat on her lap.

Sugar Salt Solution for Rehydration
6 level teaspoons of sugar and half level teaspoon of salt dissolved in ONE Litre of clean water.
Be very careful to mix the correct amounts
Too much sugar can make the diarrhea worse.
Too much salt can be extremely harmful to the child.
Making the mixture a little too diluted is not harmful.

The 4 rules are explained to the care giver:
• If the child has no dehydration at presentation
• After adequate rehydration is achieved at the clinic using intravenous (for severe dehydration) or ORS (for moderate dehydration): the rules are explained at the time of discharge