• Major killer of under 5 children, even though the toll has reduced considerably
– 10% of under-5 deaths in India
– Reduction of mortality mainly due to rehydration tech including ORS
• Under 5 children are estimated to have 3 episodes per year
– Incidence hasn’t changed much but mortality is reduced considerably
– Loss of considerable number of DALYs
• Leading cause of death during disasters and emergencies
As on 23rd March 2020
When to use a mask
• If you are healthy, you only need to wear a mask if you are taking care of a person with suspected 2019-nCoV infection.
• Wear a mask if you are coughing or sneezing.
• Masks are effective only when used in combination with frequent hand-cleaning with alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water.
• If you wear a mask, then you must know how to use it and dispose of it properly.
As on 22nd March 22, 2020
COVID-19 virus can be transmitted in areas with hot and humid climates
Mission Indradhanush 
The percentage of children, who are fully immunized (FIC), was found to be only 65% in 2013-14. This was despite the Universal Immunization Program (UIP) running since 1985 and Expanded Program on immunization (EPI) since 1978.
Mission Indradhanush was launched in December 2014 to:
• Actively achieve full immunization of 90 percent by 2020 and
• Simultaneously to boost the Routine Immunization (RI) infrastructure in the country
This blog offers a complete, structured, and student-friendly guide to clinical history taking, emphasizing that a logically recorded history helps form early differential diagnoses even before examination. It explains every component in detail—from socio-demographic data and presenting complaints to HOPI, past illnesses, treatment history, family, occupational, dietary and personal history, followed by menstrual and obstetric history where applicable. It also highlights additional categories needed in special cases like under-five children, geriatric patients and psychiatric cases. The blog concludes with guidance on how to interpret patterns in the history and includes a review-of-systems table to ensure no key information is missed.
Rat control measures:
1. Sanitation
2. Trapping: Bait is used. Causes temporary reduction in numbers.
Captured rats must be killed as they become “trap-wise” and avoid traps later
1. Mechanical: infectious agent is mechanically transported through soiling of vector’s feet or proboscis or by passage through its gastrointestinal tract. for example spread of e coli by housefly
2. Biological:
a. Propogative: infectious agent merely multiplies inside the vector e.g. plague in rat flea
b. Cyclo-propogative: agent changes in number and also in form e.g. malaria parasites in mosquito
c. Cyclo-developmental : the disease agent undergoes only development but no multiplication e.g. microfilaria in mosquito
Reference:
K. Park, 2019. Environment and Health, In: Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th ed. Jabalpur, 2019
The important genera of mosquitoes that are of public health importance are Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex.
The stages of a mosquito’s life cycle are as follows:
1. Eggs
2. Larva
3. Pupa
4. Adult mosquito
This blog presents a complete, easy-to-use general history taking format designed to help MBBS students ensure they never miss essential components. It also highlights additional headings required for special cases such as obstetric, pediatric, geriatric and adolescent patients. The blog includes visual tables for review of systems, explains how beginners can refine their questioning, and guides readers on integrating positive findings into HOPI or past history. A printable version is available on request.
