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Long-term objective/goal: to achieve a stable population by 2045, at a level consistent with sustainable:
• Economic growth,
• Social development, and
• Environmental protection
Medium-term objective: to bring the TFR to replacement level (Meaning NRR=1) by 2010
Immediate objectives:
1. To address the unmet needs for
• Contraception
• Health care infrastructure and health personnel
2. To provide integrated service delivery for basic reproductive and child health care

मंकी पॉक्स क्या है?
मंकीपॉक्स वायरस से होने वाली बीमारी है जिसे 'मंकीपॉक्स वायरस' के नाम से जाना जाता है। यह मुख्य रूप से जानवरों (आम तौर पर चूहे और बंदर की प्रजातियां) को संक्रमित करता है, लेकिन उनसे मनुष्यों को भी लग सकता है। मंकीपॉक्स वायरस के 2 प्रकार (या क्लैड) होते हैं।
1. पश्चिम अफ़्रीकी (West African) क्लैड: इससे हुई बीमारी कम गंभीर होती है।
2. मध्य अफ्रीकी (Central African) या कांगो बेसिन (Congo Basin) क्लैड: यह ज्यादा गंभीर बीमारी कर सकता है।
2022 में जो मंकीपॉक्स विश्व में फैला है, वह पश्चिम अफ्रीकी कबीले के कारण हुआ है।

Components of Monkeypox Case Management
1. Patient isolation
2. Protection of vulnerable skin and mucous membranes
3. Rehydration and maintain nutrition
4. Symptom relief
5. Watching out for and managing the complications

What is Monkey-pox?
Monkeypox is a disease caused by a virus known as the ‘Monkeypox virus’. It mainly infects animals (rodents and primates) but can be transmitted to humans from them. There are 2 types (or clades) of monkeypox virus.
1. West African clade which causes milder disease
2. Central African or Congo Basin clade which causes a more severe disease
The 2022 outbreak in various countries has been due to the West African clade.

चेचक इतिहास की सबसे भयानक बीमारियों में से एक हुआ करता थी। यह प्राचीन काल से अस्तित्व में जानी जाती है। इसमें 20 - 40% की उच्च मामले की मृत्यु थी, यानी लगभग 30% रोगियों ने अपनी जान गंवा दी। इसने 20वीं सदी में 300 मिलियन से अधिक लोगों को मार डाला।
महामारी दुनिया भर में हुई, खासकर भारत में। भारत में, वैक्सीन आने के बाद भी हर 5 से 7 साल में महामारी होती थी। इस बीमारी ने पूरे के पूरे गांव ख़तम कर दिए थे। यहां तक कि इतिहास की धारा को बदलने के लिए भी इसे जाना जाता था।

Smallpox used to be among the most dreaded diseases in history. It has been known to exist since antiquity. It had a high case fatality of 20 – 40%, i.e. almost 30% of the patients lost their lives. It killed more than 300 million people in the 20th century.
Epidemics occurred throughout the world, especially in India. In India, epidemics occurred every 5 to 7 years, even after the vaccine was brought in. It was known to wipe out entire villages and tribes worldwide and even change the course of history.

Tetanus is a dangerous infectious disease characterized by muscle spasms. It is caused by the toxins (potent neurotoxin) secreted by a bacterium k/a Clostridium tetani.
Tetanus may occur at any age and case-fatality rates are high even with intensive care. Without medical care, the case-fatality rate is almost 100%.

Reference:
Government of India, National rabies control programme, National guidelines on rabies prophylaxis, National Centre for Disease Control, 2019, Delhi, India.
 
Government of Himachal Pradesh: GUIDELINES FOR RABIES PROPHYLAXIS AND INTRADERMAL RABIES VACCINATION IN HIMACHAL PRADESH, 2019. Directorate of Health Service, Swasthya Sadan, Kasumpti, Shimla-171009

Breast Cancer ranks at number 1 amongst all the cancers in India. Unfortunately, 50-70% of the patients reach the doctor only once the disease is already in stage 3 or 4.
Learning the skill of Breast self-examination may help women to become familiar with the normal look and feel of the breast so that if there are any changes in the breasts she may seek medical help at the earliest.

Why is proper management of animal bite so critical?
An animal bite may potentially lead to development of Rabies and the disease is almost always fatal. Nevertheless, rabies can be prevented if timely and proper post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is done.