1) Crude birth rate
2) General fertility Rate 
3) General marital fertility rate (GMFR): It is the number of live births per 1000 married women in the reproductive age-group (15 – 49 yr.) in a given year
This blog explains which newborns require special care and must be referred to a First Referral Unit (FRU). It covers three major categories: (1) birth asphyxia and its complications including convulsions, shock, hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, and renal failure; (2) key neonatal danger signs such as fast breathing, severe chest indrawing, temperature abnormalities, feeding difficulty, lethargy, unconsciousness, jaundice, and bleeding; and (3) major congenital malformations like meningomyelocoele, hydrocephalus, large omphalocoele, diaphragmatic hernia, and esophageal atresia. The blog is aligned with Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine and Government of India maternal-newborn care guidelines, helping MBBS students and practitioners identify high-risk newborns early and ensure timely referral.
This blog explains Essential Newborn Care (ENC) in a simple and structured way for MBBS students. It covers the objectives of ENC, immediate care at birth, airway clearance, APGAR assessment, cord and skin care, prevention of hypothermia, and early initiation of breastfeeding. It also details first and second neonatal examinations, measurements, congenital anomalies, danger signs, and criteria for identifying high-risk infants. The content is aligned with Government of India guidelines and Park’s textbook, providing an accurate, exam-friendly, and clinically relevant guide to newborn care.
This blog provides a comprehensive explanation of Antenatal Care (ANC), including pregnancy confirmation with urine tests, early registration importance, objectives of ANC, recommended visit schedule, first-visit procedures, physical and abdominal examination, fundal height interpretation, routine lab tests, IFA and TT recommendations, dietary guidance, personal hygiene, drug and radiation precautions, identification of danger signs, and national guidelines applicable at subcenter, PHC and FRU levels.
This blog explains the key components of specific health protection during ANC visits—screening and prevention of anemia, nutritional deficiencies, toxemias of pregnancy, tetanus, syphilis, rubella, Rh incompatibility, HIV, hepatitis B, and prenatal genetic disorders—based on Indian public health and maternal care guidelines.
The ANM should calculate the estimated number of pregnancies in one year in her area
She can match the estimated number with the actual number of the registered pregnancies
In any month, the no. of registered AN women should be HALF of the estimated annual number
Calculation of the estimated number of pregnancies in the YEAR:
Obtain information regarding:
The Population size and
The birth rate of the area under her jurisdiction
Calculate the number of live births in her jurisdiction using the following formula:
This blog explains the Risk Approach in Antenatal Care, highlighting how early identification of high-risk pregnancies helps prioritize women who need skilled monitoring. It lists key high-risk categories such as elderly or short-statured primi, malpresentations, antepartum hemorrhage, anemia, pre-eclampsia, twins, hydramnios, bad obstetric history, prolonged pregnancy, infertility treatment, and medical disorders like cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, diabetes, TB, malaria, asthma, HIV, RTI and STI. The blog also clarifies how the risk approach improves MCH coverage, optimizes resource use, and enables community-level workers to participate effectively in antenatal care.
This blog provides comprehensive ANC counselling guidance for MBBS students and healthcare workers. It explains prophylactic and therapeutic iron–folic acid (IFA) supplementation, tetanus toxoid (TT) immunization schedules, identification of high-risk pregnancies, and key counselling elements such as birth preparedness, danger signs, skilled birth attendance, transport and blood-donor readiness. The article also covers essential aspects of diet, rest, personal hygiene, drug safety during pregnancy, harmful effects of smoking, alcohol and radiation exposure, along with detailed advice on childcare, family planning, and postpartum considerations.
Antenatal care is the systemic supervision of women during pregnancy to monitor the progress of foetal growth and to ascertain the well-being of the mother and the foetus.
A proper antenatal check-up provides necessary care to the mother and helps identify any complications of pregnancy such as anaemia, pre-eclampsia and hypertension etc. in the mother and slow/inadequate growth of the foetus.
Antenatal care allows for the timely management of complications through referral to an appropriate facility for further treatment.
Bio- Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016 – Major Changes
DEFINITION of Bio Medical Waste
• “Bio-medical waste" means any waste, which is generated during the
• diagnosis,
• treatment or
• Immunization of human beings or
• Animals or research activities pertaining thereto or
• In the production or testing of biological or
• In health camps, including the categories mentioned in Schedule I appended to these rules
The New Rules are more comprehensive in nature
It contains important features of BMW (M & H) Rules, 1998
